Guided Reading Activity 6-1 Us History Answers
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of course Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America'south civil rights movement, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a better social club, and as a outcome, some leaders fell by the wayside of many of today'south history books. These are only some of the amazing ceremonious rights leaders you may have never learned well-nigh.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may exist famous for refusing to surrender her seat for a white man, Claudette Colvin stood her ground nine months before — and at the historic period of 15 rather than 42. She and 3 of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the bus, and the driver demanded that all 4 of them motility. 3 did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that information technology was her constitutional correct to sit there. "It felt," Colvin after explained, "every bit though Harriet Tubman'due south easily were pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth'due south easily were pushing me down on the other shoulder."
Colvin's books were knocked from her easily, and she was manhandled off the passenger vehicle and later placed in jail before being bailed out by her parents. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her every bit a key effigy in the fight against segregation, but it ultimately chose not to because she was a teenager. She also soon became meaning, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Still, along with Aurelia Due south. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became ane of iv plaintiffs in the case of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama's motorbus policies thrown out every bit unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City two years later and became a nurse's aide.
While Martin Luther King Jr. was the face of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the human behind the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage female parent and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attending New York's Metropolis Higher during the 1930 because of their support for racial equality. However, he left when the Communist Party shifted abroad from civil rights piece of work later 1941. He then joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (Core) and became an active campaigner for civil rights.
Rustin's accomplishments are almost too numerous to list. He participated in Cadre'southward Journeying of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the later Liberty Rides that ended bussing segregation, and concluded up on a concatenation gang as a outcome. He used that experience to publish several newspaper manufactures that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to Republic of india to come across Mahatma Gandhi's irenic practices in action, and he later traveled to West Africa to work with different colonial independence movements. He became a close advisor to Martin Luther King and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963'south March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to draft King's Memoir, Stride Toward Liberty.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early on because of his communist ties, and his 1953 confidence on charges of homosexual activity caused tension even with other civil rights leaders. Notwithstanding, Rustin continued his work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened up about his sexuality. He played a key part in getting the NAACP to take action confronting the AIDS crunch. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn Higher in 1946. She was an teaching consultant for New York Urban center'southward daycare arrangement and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York's state legislature from 1964 to 1968. She so achieved success on the national phase by winning election to the Firm of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam State of war and a supporter of abortion rights and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Chisholm was likewise both the first Black person and first woman to run for the nomination of a major party in the United states of america. Though she merely received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of colour in the years and decades to come up.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther King Jr. once described Benjamin Mays as his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were erstwhile slaves, Mays grew up to get a doctorate from the University of Chicago and was ordained as a Baptist minister. He subsequently became president of Morehouse Higher.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college's chapel, and it was these speeches that showtime drew a young Martin Luther King Jr. to him. Rex began meeting with Mays to hash out theology and world affairs after the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Dominicus dinners with the King family unit.
Mays went on to be i of King's almost prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King's father to inquire him to step downwards as a leader in the Montgomery motorcoach boycott, Mays vocally supported King'south decision not to do so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Even later on Rex's bump-off, Mays continued to fight for ceremonious rights and became the first Black president of the Atlanta Board of Teaching.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Similar Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. Subsequently her father died, she and her mother moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to notice a job as a public schoolhouse teacher. As a result, she decided to establish her own school for Black American women without the means to pay for an education.
Some civil rights leaders of the fourth dimension, such as Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to raise coin for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, however, Burroughs was nonetheless successful, and the National Trade and Professional person Schoolhouse for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly incommunicable." At historic period 26, Burroughs was the start president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical education along with vocational skills meant to help black women observe jobs in modernistic lodge. Black history was also a required class, a largely unprecedented move for the time. While the original school only consisted of a pocket-size farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, simply her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the manner for further efforts to secure ceremonious rights.
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Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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